Essay on Business Ethics

Business persons perceive ethics as a means of avoiding those actions that will make the business conflict with the law. An individual should then not break the law in one’s work-related activity. This means avoiding those practices that are likely to attract civil law suits against the organization one is working for. Ethical conduct to them may also mean that the employees should also avoid those practices that are likely to bring bad corporate image for the company. Ethics goes beyond this formal understanding of the subject. The issue of right and wrong has been with us for long, religion and culture has tried to address it (Anscombe 1). Ethics are important, not just in business but in personal life as well (Kelly 160). When ethics in business is fairly new, ethics in personal life has always been there and has to a great degree taken religious dimension. The ethic of reciprocity is the ultimate maxim in moral or ethical conduct. Personal ethics determines work place ethics. Personally, I have made my commitment or ethics, but making a commitment to ethics is not enough to make one ethical. To be ethical requires a systemic approach in the never ending goal of being ethical. The ethical issues in my life confront me every time I am making a decision. The question has now always been that because I have made my commitment to be ethical, is the decision that I have made, or I am about to make in line with my commitment? In Islam, law and ethics are embedded in the worshiper’s obligation to God and therefore both law and ethics are not required (Solomon 65). For a Muslim, ethics as we know it may take a back sta ge. However, ethics has now moved from the periphery and taken a central part in my everyday life. There has been a ranging debate on to whether ethics are emotions or thoughts. It is true that the debate is intellectual, but there is no denying that there are some elements of both. I have found that in any ethical situation, I act first and then think later. But when confronted by a new ethical situation I sometimes think before acting. As I have already discussed, being ethical requires a high degree of self awareness and undivided commitment. I find myself every day reviewing my actions to determine whether I have been ethical. I have learned that ethics is never about self. It is about the welfare of the other. Most misunderstanding in the business and work place are brought about by centering on self and not reaching out to others. Being ethical ensures everyone’s success because of the harmony that obtains. But because being unethical can be much easier, it is sometimes more advantageous to be unethical than being ethical. The Cohort 8 story is developing from a personal encounter with ethical questions and then moves on to religious understanding of ethics and then examines how religious beliefs impacts on our personal ethics. The choice of being ethical is important because we can influence others by our conduct. A business that is ethical in all its dealings will tend to make its partners to be ethical also. As I continue with my commitment to be ethical, people note and tend to treat me nearly the same as I treat them. I feel that ethics should go beyond the obligations of the law to the vey private spheres of our lives. Unfortunately not many people can buy that and this idea is not well received in most parts of the world that do not have strong cultural and religion back ground (Blackburn 48). Ethics should not be based on humanistic philosophies only but both on law and personal principles. Works Cited Anscombe, Gray. â€Å"Modern Moral philosophy.† Philosophy, 33 (1958): 1-19 Blackburn, Sam. Being good: A short introduction to ethics. Oxford: Oxford University press,2001 Kelly, Eugene. The basics of Western philosophy. Greenwood press, 2006 Solomon, Richard. Morality and Good life: An introduction to Ethics through Classical Sources, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1984

Cognitive Behavioral Theory Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Abstract This case conceptualization of Francis discusses the principles of the cognitive behavioral theory that are based on the belief that learning, cognitions, and perceptions play a significant role in the development and maintenance of emotional and behavioral problems. Various CBT models are applied to the diagnostic determinants of Francis’ dysfunctional behavior and the empirically supported methods of cognitive behavioral treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder are used to build a treatment plan to aid in Francis’ recovery. Cognitive Behavioral Case Conceptualization of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Presenting Problems Francis, a married, Caucasian male, requested psychological assessment for thoughts that he describes as â€Å"recurrent, automatic† ideations of dangerous occurrences befalling his wife and daughter when he is not present, and therefore, cannot save them. Francis explained that he is fully aware that his family is not in danger, that his thoughts are not based on reality, and he describes these thoughts as â€Å"silly.† He explained that his concerns are temporarily abated when he contacts his wife for confirmation that they are safe. Francis contacts his wife and daughter hourly, by telephone, when he is away from home. The contact process involves Francis’ wife briefly picking up the phone and hanging up to signal Francis that they are safe. He explained that he has had these problems for years; however, they were exacerbated by hisShow MoreRelatedEssay about Anxiety Disorder1441 Words   |  6 Pagespsychological disorders, anxiety disorders are the most pr edominant in the United States. According to Antony (2011), anxiety disorders affect nearly 28.8 percent of the population. An extreme and unrealistic anxiety is the most common symptom that characterizes all the psychological conditions within the category of anxiety disorders. 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It will focus on the benefits of flexibility, emphasizing combination therapy, especially with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has becomeRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pages Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Who It Affects, Why It Affects Them, and What They Can Do to Be Cured Cheyenne Poynter Pensacola State College Abstract This paper explores Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in depth. OCD will be defined extensively as well as how it begins, who it affects, the studies being done for it, and current cures for the unfortunate mental disorder. 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The Leadership Aspect of Individuals-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Who do you think was the leader of the jury? Analyze his leadership on the following dimensions. For each, provide specific examples and support your answers with research. Power and influence Personality traits and intelligence Behaviors Skills Answer: Introduction Human personality and personality traits are varied and the study of the same is extremely interesting as well as a learning experience itself. The leadership aspect of individuals, also endures this fact and the personality and behavioral patterns of an individual plays immensely important roles in shaping up the overall humane side as well as leadership capabilities of the same. It takes significant effort as well as some inherent qualities within an individual for him or her to emerge as a leader to a group of people or an organization (Russell III, 2012). A good personality shows significantly prominent traits in their personality, intelligence level, influence, power, behavior and communication with others and their overall skill sets. The assignment, by taking reference to the widely known classic film, the 12 Angry Men tries to analyze the personality and leadership aspects of the different characters in the film. By analyzing the performance of the protagonists with respect t o the above mentioned traits and criteria, the report tries to observe the best as well as the worst traits of the characters present in the film (Rose, 2016). Characters in the film Juror 1: Martin Balsam He was the foreman of the jury and took his authoritative role very seriously, by trying to be fairly justified. Juror 2: John Fiedler Being a bank clerk in profession, he was extremely timid and got influenced by what others feel about the situations. Juror 3: Lee J. Cobb A bad tempered, extremely impulsive and vocal person with his own perceptions which he was not ready to change under any circumstances. During Act 3 of the movie, the reason behind his irrational and rude behavior was revealed as his emotional baggage of poor relationship with his son was seen, which affected his judgments (Adler, Rodman DuPr, 2016). Juror 4: E. G. Marshall Being practical and well-spoken stock-broker by profession, he engaged in rational arguments without getting involved in emotional discussion. This character showed a strong personality trait. Juror 5: Jack Klugman Growing up in slums, this person had experiences of witnessing knife fights, which helped the jury in reaching to the final solution. However, he felt nervous in publicly expressing his opinions in presence of the respected members in the jury. Juror 6: Edward Binns Extremely honest by nature and a house painter by profession, this person took time to reach to any conclusion and was apparently described as a dull-witted person (Jian, 2012). Juror 7: Jack Warden An extremely reluctant and to some extent obnoxious person, Jack, who was a salesman by trade, in the very fast act showed his indifference and irritation of being a part of the jury. Juror 8: Henry Fonda An architect by profession, this gentle natured and thoughtful person, from the very first act was observed to be devoted to justice and also appeared to be sympathetic towards the convicted boy. In fact, he in the initial scenario was the only one who voted not guilty for the boy while all the other jury members were against it. Henry, showed immense patience and strong convincing personality from beginning to end and appeared as one of the most impressive members of the jury (Waller, Sohrab Ma, 2013). Juror 9: Joseph Sweeney This person though initially portrayed as one who had been defeated in every aspect of life, stood with Henry Fonda in his decision and also in the first act openly criticized the racist attitude of one of the jurors, thereby showing the presence of the sense of right and wrong in him. Juror 10: Ed Begley He was one of the most bitter and prejudiced old jury members. His attitude and bigotry to other jury members fetched him immense hatred and ignorance (Raw, 2017). Juror 11: George Voskovec Having a refugee background and witnessing injustices in his life, this member consistently showed intention to administer justice (Sang Xu, 2012). Juror 12: Robert Webber An advertising executive by profession, this arrogant and impatient jury member did not passionately participate in the discussion and eagerly waited for the discussion to get over so that he can get back to his career and personal engagements (Klapp, 2017). Power and Influence Good Traits Juror 8 showed significant positive traits in the particular dimension of power and influence in leadership. The attitude of the person, from the very beginning of the movie, is seen to be strong, empathetic, convincing but not overtly exaggerating or boasting. In the beginning, he was the only one who voted in favor of the boy, while all of the other jury members were against it (Lunenburg, 2012). However, Juror 8 had the power of pursuing and the influential trait in his way of talking and analyzing the statements of each of the other members and the reasons behind their statements. He gained respect of nearly all the jury members due to his unbiased nature and his ability to look above petty personal issues and opinions to reach to the ultimate goal of finding the truth (Goncalves, 2013). The approach of Juror 8 had been entirely logical and based on evidences and this influenced the others to think like him gradually. He led the entire tedious and long discussion by elaborating each of the members opinion impartially. Within middle of the movie, he was able to convince almost of the jury members to vote not guilty, which showed his power to influence peoples opinions in a subtle and practical manner, which is one of the predominant trait of a good leader. Therefore, it can be concluded that Juror 8 scored high in this dimension of leadership (Northouse, 2015). Bad Traits On the other hand, the member of the jury showing the most ineffective leadership in terms of power and influence is the Juror 3. From the very first of part of the film, his character is seen to be having an autocratic kind of attitude. Being extremely proud of his achievements, in his body language he kept on asserting about how he leads his subordinates and in the current situation also he tries to exert that authoritative power (Daft, 2014). Being the primary opponent of Juror 8, he kept on trying though the entire procedure to intimidate other jury members and make them support his opinion. He could not accept the fact that someone can have a separate opinion than him. When the jurors started going against him for his loud, irrational and self-centered behavior he tried to speak to the jurors individually situations, specifically once to justify why he physically attacked Juror 8 and when he wanted to call for a hung jury (Johnson, 2017). Juror 3 is the worst example of how a leader should try to influence others and exert power. He tries to exert his power by screaming and intimidating, thereby losing audience. His opinions were also not backed by any logic but he expected everyone to accept his opinions. Ethics and Value Good Traits In making any kind of judgment presence of ethics and values are of extreme importance in making unbiased judgment. This is because an ethical judge tries to take into account all the aspects of a situation and does not make opinion about the convict without paying heed to all the evidences. In this context, also one of the best example in the jury members is the Juror8 (Johnson, 2017). In the movie, the main ethical dilemma faced by each of the Jury members is whether or not to plead guilty for the eighteen years old boy. Given such a situation, Juror 8 shows strong ethical traits. From the very beginning, he remained as the one fighting for the boy, trying to fetch justice for him. When all the other team members made their opinions against the boy, because he had been convicted of a murder, Juror 8 fought for the boy from the very beginning based on the notion that the boy cannot be pleaded guilty unless all the evidences are found to be against him. This shows the presence of a humane aspect of the Juror 8 and the presence of virtues and values as he tried to fight for fairness for a fellow citizen, rising above the petty personal fights and biases (Reamer, 2013). However, in the aspect of ethics and values, another member of the jury also showed impressive traits. This member is the Juror 9. Though being thought to be the mildest man, defeated by life, this old man came in support of Juror 8 before any other jury (Ransome, 2013). When Juror 10 portrayed a racist attitude, he also countered openly against that, which shows the presence of ethics and values in his character. Juror 11 also had an ethical perspective, as being a witness of injustice himself, he tried to administer justice in this case. Bad Traits While the above mention personalities showed presence of virtues, there were also some members in the jury whose approaches were unethical and incorrect such a sensitive issue. One of the primary jury members scoring low in this aspect is Juror 3. There is no presence of virtue in his character as he was least bothered about the future of the convicted. He had tremendously negative notions about the youth in general, which reflected in his judgment and opinions regarding the convicted as he made his opinion even before assessing the evidences and opinions of the witnesses. During the process of debate, when he felt that his influence over the other jury member were being curbed by Juror 8, he also tried to hurt him physically, which is extremely unethical and inappropriate in any situation (Akhtar, 2012). His unethical behavior also becomes apparent in his loud and intimidating behavior, which goes on aggravating with time. Though Juror 3 can be deemed as the most unethical juror in this case, there were also several other members in the jury, whose approach also had unethical components in it. Firstly, except Juror 8, in the beginning all the jury members were in the notion of pleading the boy guilty just based on their personal opinions and judgment. This, in the context of providing judgment, can be treated as unethical behavior as no one tried to analyze the situation taking into perspective the circumstances of the boy and the sufferings he had been facing (Cooper, 2012). Juror 10 also showed behavior of low value by indulging in bigotry to other jury members, which showed his racist and unethical attitude. Personality Traits and Intelligence Personality Traits A good leader is characterized by a strong, impressive and attractive personality and presence of mind. For a leader to be efficient in achieving his goals, it is of immense importance for him to be intelligent and to take actions according to the situations without losing his temper. The personality of Juror 8, from the very beginning of the film was not very much relation oriented and did not influence the fellow jury members from the very beginning (Collis Messick, 2012). Instead, it was Juror 1, the foreman of the jury, who seemed to be far more extrovert and socializing from the very beginning. In fact Juror 1 was the one who suggested the consideration of a five minutes break for the person who went to the washroom during the proceeding of the debate. However, as the film proceeds, the strong, practical and extremely thoughtful side of the personality of Juror 8 unfolds. Along with that, the personality traits of Juror 3 were also revealed slowly, which were found to be entirely different and opposite to that of the Juror 8. These personalities can be analyzed on the basis of the theory of Big Five Personality Traits, which includes openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion and neuroticism (Ang Van Dyne, 2015). Openness- High openness, in this context, can be actually the portrayal of a less target-oriented approach where as scoring low in this aspect depicts pragmatic personality. In this context, Juror 8 shows high target orientation, as his ultimate objective was to bring out unbiased justice for the convict, for which the members actually accumulated. On the other hand, Juror 3 was founded to be extremely close-minded, only sticking to his personal opinion and not ready to accommodate any other members point of view, thereby scoring extremely low in this index (Barlett Anderson, 2012). Conscientiousness- Juror 8 neither showed extremely high conscientiousness, nor low. He was methodical and organized but not stubborn in his approach as he accepted others opinions and viewpoints and countered them logically. On the other hand, he was not unfairly flexible as he kept on sticking to his point and went on convincing the other members to think in his line. Juror 3 on the other hand scored high in this dimension to the extent of stubbornness. Agreeableness- In this aspect also, Juror 8 showed consistent trend and was neither extremely high nor extremely low agreeing. While Juror 8 showed enough compassion and dedication and was one of the most amiable personalities in this context, he was not compassionate to the extent of being called nave. Juror 3, on the other hand, being extremely competitive (as can be seen from his tendency to compete against Juror 8 in every aspect) scored extremely low in this dimension. Extraversion- Juror 8 had a personality which was extrovert and amiable but not attention seeking. He conversed with all the members of the jury freely but at the same time his personality reflected the traits of a good listener too. Juror 3, on the other hand, also showed high score in the dimension of extraversion, as his personality showed immense extraversion. However, his extraversion was not productive, he was loud and arrogant in spite of being energetic and outgoing, and his sole objective was to assert his opinion as the right one and pursue others by any means to follow his judgment. Neuroticism- The personality of Juror 8 had shown both sensitivity (which is considered to be high in Neuroticism dimension) as well as confident about his opinion (which again falls in the lower scale of neuroticism). Thus, it can be asserted that Juror 8 maintains a balance in this dimension. However, Juror 3 showed anger, anxiety and emotional instability, thereby ranking high in this dimension (Cobb-Clark Schurer, 2012). Intelligence The aspect of intelligence of the above discussed members, with totally different personality traits can be analyzed with the help of the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, as proposed by Sternberg, which consists of three sub-theories, namely, Componential, Experiential and Practical. Componential or Analytical Sub-theory- This highlights the gift of human intelligence to see the problem in hand from angles which are usually unexplored and to come out with unconventional solutions, which can be seen to be present in the Juror 8 and highly absent in Juror 3. Experiential Sub-theory- This aspect tries to analyze the ability of an individual to execute any task with consistent dedication and creativity, which can be seen to be again present in Juror 8. He kept on convincing the other jury members to think in his line, using the methods of subtle persuasion, which were not conventionally used by any other jury members, but which proved to be effective. Juror 3, on the other hand, failed miserably in this index due to his stubbornness and rigidity (Nisbett et al., 2012). Practical Sub-Theory- This theory, again, has three components namely adaptation, shaping and selection. Adaptation refers to the intelligence of changing oneself according to the need of the situation, which could be seen in Juror 8 and also to some extent in Juror 3, as he tried to change his approach in the later part of the movie, when he realized that the other jury members were going against him. Shaping refers to the ability of one person to change the situations according to the need of their fellow mates, which could be seen in Juror 8 and also in Juror 1, as they made everyone comfortable during the progress of the debate. This was absolutely absent in Juror 3 as well as Juror 10. Behavior Good Traits The behavioral aspect of a leader is one of the most important attribute, having immense implications on the performance of the person as a leader as well as on the people who are led by the concerned individual. Juror 8 is seen to stay absolute calm throughout the entire proceeding of the arguments. He was seen to be polite and respectful to his fellow jury members, which impressed many of them as they slowly started thinking in his way. His behavioral side also exhibits empathy. This is because he constantly evokes thought in other jurors mind by pleading them to imagine themselves in the situation of the teenager, who had grown up in a slum, experienced immense physical abuse from his father and had been awaiting death penalty for a murder which may have been circumstantial and not intentional (Bailey Burch, 2017). This, therefore, shows that Juror 8 also scores high in the behavioral dimension of leadership. In this aspect, Juror 1, Juror 4 as well as Juror 9 also showed positiv e traits as during the entire process, their approached remained more or less polite and accommodating. Juror 5 also appeared to be helpful, in spite of being nervous, as in the later part he tried to help the jurors with his experiences of knife fights. Bad Traits Juror 3, in the entire movie, had shown an extremely negative side of human personality traits, in terms of behavior, as everything in his behavioral approach, starting from his way of communication, to the way he thought about the fellow members and in the presence of extreme biasness and personal biasness. Along with him, the obnoxious behavior of Juror 7, the abhorrent and insulting, racist attitude of Juror 10 and the arrogant and restless behavior of Juror 12 also fall under this category. Skills This dimension of leadership specifically emphasizes on the skills which are inherently present in an individual and which one acquires in the process of becoming a good leader. Good leadership skills primarily include honesty, communication, commitment, confidence, dedication to the cause and an overall positive attitude towards the problem. This is highly visible in the traits of Juror 8, as in the entire movie he showed extreme calmness and confidence in his actions. His skills were also apparent in the way he remained committed to bring out justice for the convict and worked with confidence, communicating effectively with all the other members of the group and incorporating all their views and justifying his opinion against them. Juror 1, the foreman of the jury, also showed these skills to some extent (Eragula, 2015). On the other hand, as is extremely evident from the above discussion, Juror 3 showed the worst leadership skills in this context, with his extremely self-centered and arrogant behavior and his tendency to get his work done by force and not by mutual compliance. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evident that the film, Twelve Angry Men, is an exemplary work, which displays the different hues and colors of human psychology and emotional sides. Each of the characters in the film shows unique yet common traits observable in everyday life. However, in terms of different aspects of leadership and personality traits, two exactly opposite characters, one of Juror 8 and the other one of Juror 3 grabs special attention and emerges as two of the most important and noticeable protagonists in the film, which itself is a manifestation of human personality traits. References Adler, R., Rodman, G. R., DuPr, A. (2016).Understanding human communication. Oxford University Press. Akhtar, F. (2012).Mastering social work values and ethics. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (2015).Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Bailey, J. S., Burch, M. R. (2017).Research methods in applied behavior analysis. Routledge. Barlett, C. P., Anderson, C. A. (2012). Direct and indirect relations between the Big 5 personality traits and aggressive and violent behavior.Personality and Individual Differences,52(8), 870-875. Cobb-Clark, D. A., Schurer, S. (2012). The stability of big-five personality traits.Economics Letters,115(1), 11-15. Collis, J. M., Messick, S. J. (Eds.). (2012).Intelligence and personality: Bridging the gap in theory and measurement. Psychology Press. Cooper, T. L. (2012).The responsible administrator: An approach to ethics for the administrative role. John Wiley Sons. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Eragula, R. (2015). A Blend of Integrity and Skill in Leadership.Advances in Economics and Business Management,2(11), 1067-1069. Goncalves, M. (2013). Leadership styles: The power to influence others.International Journal of Business and Social Science,4(4). Jian, Z. H. A. N. G. (2012). On the Reasonable Doubts of the Jury on the Value of JusticeStarting from" The Twelve Angry Men.Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Social Science),2, 007. Johnson, C. E. (2017).Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Klapp, O. E. (2017).Heroes, villains, and fools: The changing American character. Routledge. Lunenburg, F. C. (2012). Power and leadership: an influence process.International journal of management, business, and administration,15(1), 1-9. Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., Turkheimer, E. (2012). Intelligence: new findings and theoretical developments.American psychologist,67(2), 130. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Ransome, P. (2013).Ethics and values in social research. Palgrave macmillan. Raw, L. (2017). Twelve Angry Men on Television and Film.Open Library of Humanities,3(1). Reamer, F. G. (2013).Social work values and ethics. Columbia University Press. Rose, R. (2016).Twelve angry men. Bloomsbury Publishing. Russell III, W. B. (2012). The art of teaching social studies with film.The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas,85(4), 157-164. Sang, J., Xu, C. (2012). Robust face-name graph matching for movie character identification.IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,14(3), 586-596. Waller, M. J., Sohrab, G., Ma, B. W. (2013). Beyond 12 angry men: Thin-slicing film to illustrate group dynamics.Small Group Research,44(4), 446-465.

Health Finance and Project Management â€Free samples for Students

Question: Write an essay on "Health Finance and Project Management". Answer: Introduction After learning that many people are suffering from obesity at Mount Pleasant, it came clear that it is necessary to find a way of combating the issue in the community. Thorough research and investigations came to a conclusion that a medical facility has to be put up to assist the community in managing the obesity that is becoming a common disease among many people. The case of the rising number of people suffering from obese in Mount Pleasant gave the reason for the scheme to set up a primary facility to manage the disease. It has been noted that it is a disease that is persistent within the people with intellectual disability. The major purpose of the new community care facility is to assist in dealing with the increasingly growing population of the aged through the delivery of affordable, integrated and quality care. The facility is planned to be opened in 2017 to deal with obesity mainly for the people with intellectual disability in the community. Aims and Objectives of the Study Developing a community with a minimum number of obese cases in the future Driving at building a care facility that will be affordable to all in the community Starting a center to offer an integrated and quality care to the community Establishing a community that will live to appreciate the existence of the facility and the practitioners working in the care center Investigating the case of obesity within the population of the intellectual disability Literature Review on Obesity According to the world health organization, obesity is a condition that is characterized with excessive fats accumulation in the adipose tissue to a position where the health of the victim may be impaired (World Health Organisation, 2000). The facts have also been supported by the department of health and children suggesting that the prevalence of the disease has shown a dramatic increase within the past years becoming a major health issue in the community of Mount Pleasant (Allan et al., 2008). The department has also suggested that the disease has been high on the men than women all of whom are of the age of 18 years and above. Thus, obesity has been declared to be a health risk for the general population and is as well a factor for the persons with intellectual disability (Department of Health and Children. 2005). The world health organization has put it out that the population of the people with intellectual disability has shown a high level of the cholesterol and obesity as comp ared to that of the general population (Brown Thompson, 2008). Project Plan The reason for this research is to develop a plan for starting a primary care facility in the Mount Pleasant community to assist in dealing with the problem of obesity among the intellectual disability population. According to a research from the literature review, it has been discovered that people suffering from intellectual disability are enduring obesity more than the general population and has as well been noted to be a bigger problem for the women within the category of the intellectual disability. Thus, it has become a critical issue to be addressed by services and the practitioners working within the population (Burns Grove, 2011). Risk Analysis and Contingency Plans The impacts of obesity on the health status of the people were examined in a qualitative study in America. This was to help in figuring out the strategies to be applied in the setting of the primary care facility in the Mount Pleasant community. I figured that after conducting a research and analyzing the risks associated with the case, I would come out with better plans for the care facility. After learning from the research, it was organized that the data was collected from a community based specialty medical practice for the people with the intellectual challenge. The exercise took its leads through the utilization of the administrative service records, healthcare records and also the developmental disabilities profile. The information gathers were inclusive of the heights and weight of the participants and also their diagnoses of hypertension, diabetes, and their smoking status. Another effect to be established was the effects of obesity on the coronary heart disease on the intel lectually challenged persons (Emerson, 2005). The data on the multitude was collected over a few months. According to the results, it turned out that there was a link between obesity and the persistence of the coronary disease with some good percentage of the coronary risk factor being obese. It also appeared that the risk factors included diseases like hypertension and diabetes for the people with obese or those who are overweight. After an establishment of another qualitative study, the health state of the aging disability population was defined. Among the population that used as a sample in the study, 55% of them appeared to be engaging in no exercises out of the approximate 50 percent who were declared as obese. The results seem to suggest that the people with the higher body mass were most likely to suffer from neurological and cardiovascular diseases. After learning this, it became clear that there was an urgent need to make the project a priority and establish a primary care facility that is to begin functioning in 2017 to make it possible to manage the case of obesity in Mount Pleasant community (Bhaumik, 2008). The proposed care model The patient protection and affordable care act has been seen to be at the forefront supporting the integrated care and the public health where it has been enhancing the care for the patients more so the ones who are suffering from the chronic diseases such as obesity. In efforts to build the trend, the integrated clinical and community systems that is responsible for preventing and managing obesity, in conjunction with the institute of round table on obesity solution, there is a proposed model for the case. The model is to be used to prevent and treat obesity through the integration of the clinical and community resources. The case is treated as a clinical crisis that needs instant transformation regarding the way obesity is handled as a chronic disorder that has been propelling heart disease and cancer as has been observed generally in the united states and now in mount pleasant. After the finding, there is now a proposal that the new care facility to be launched in 2017 use a certain model in preventing, treating and managing obesity. The model is expected to integrate the health care in the facility using the resources that will be available in the community making it easier for the people, especially the intellectually challenged to prevent the gaining and losing of weight unhealthily and avoiding it at all costs. The new model is expected to be inclusive of certain aspects; The system is expected to be one that will mainly focus on the individual patients and the engagement of their family. It is assumed that the successful model for treating obesity will need some behavioral changes like the preparations of the nutritious foods as well as increasing the physical activity and families are playing critical roles in the efforts made (Poon Tarrant, 2009). Two, the model will include clinical services that are restructured offered by the practitioners believed to be a lot more sensitive to the stigmatization of the victims of obesity. The physicians and the staffs are expected to learn the behavioral plans that could be employed to motivate the patients and influence them to changing their dietary habits and begin engaging in exercise. Third, the system should promote a better integration between the clinical practices and the community systems that could ease the patients efforts to lose or maintain their weights. An example is where the partnership betwe en the clinics and other resource providers could offer the opportunities for the structured regular exercises or also nutritional counseling (Brewin et al., 2007). The Role of the Family Physicians in the Model The integrated care model is supposed to aim at changing the approach applied in the delivery of the care systems through the support offered for the primary care practitioners with the services given by the dietitians. These included the nurse practitioners, the social workers, and also the community leaders who are not considered health professionals amongst others. The model is though seen to be accompanies with certain challenges (Albertini et al., 2008). One is that the challenges of the model are seen in the training of the physicians giving them the experience to optimize the treatment for obesity while at the same time utilizing the community resources. The training of the practitioners is incorporation of the instruction of the behavior change strategies and updated information regarding the developing measures in treating obesity. Also, the practitioners will be expected to assist in the negotiations of written agreements with the service providers of the community consider ing that they might not have worked before. The physicians are to assist the community programs so the patients can get the best services (Bradley, 2005). Exchanging Data That Could Lead To Better Services The sharing of data is seen as much more significant during the communication process with the patients health information that is between the practitioners and the community programs. The model is to resemble the diabetes prevention program that comes as a trial to demonstrate the intensive dietary as well as the physical practices that are counseling for loss of weight that appeared to be more effective than the medication applied in the prevention of the advanced diabetes in the patients (Davidson, 2002). Financing and Support Policy Considering that the Medicare is advancing to the value-based care, the incentives that are used for the health insurance schemes and the clinical schedules to invest in the community initiatives are to improve the results that are expected to be increasing. In making the project a success, the banks and other financial institutions are expected to offer their support in funding the clinic and the community system to fight obesity (Marshall, McConkey Moore, 2003). A good example of the case to be applied was once seen in San Francisco. It is there that the Federal Reserve Bank assisted in the in the identification of the upstream interventions like the health food markets. The health centers were as well identified and it was discovered that the financial agencies would invest to fulfill their roles under the reinvestment act of 1977. A research also proved that the effects of obesity and the accompanied conditions on the costs of the health care and the other workforce performance that are to help in involvement in a corporate support through the development of the health insurance schemes for the employees (Levy Sohler, 2009). After an immense research, it is noted that mount pleasant, it was discovered that the population of the affected people in the community was to be based on the intellectually challenged population. The introduction of the new model of care in the new facility is to take a lot of money invested in the project. The size of the facility is also to be designed with regards to the estimated population of the obese people in the area. If the integrated approach is effectively used in the project, the community is to enjoy a lot of benefits in dealing with the pandemic and it would be easier to manage the disease (Carmeli et al., 2008). Conclusion That a medical facility has to be put up to assist the community in managing the obesity that is becoming a common disease among many people. The case of the rising number of people suffering from obese in Mount Pleasant gave the reason for the scheme to set up a primary facility to manage the disease. The department of health and children suggesting that the prevalence of the disease has shown a dramatic increase within the past years becoming a major health issue in the community of Mount Pleasant. Another effect to be established was the effects of obesity on the coronary heart disease on the intellectually challenged persons. The integrated care model is supposed to aim at changing the approach applied in the delivery of the care systems through the support offered for the primary care practitioners with the services given by the dietitians. The training of the physicians giving them the experience to optimize the treatment for obesity while at the same time utilizing the communi ty resources. References Albertini G., Davidson P.W., Henderson C.M., Robinson L.M., Haverman M. Janick M.P.(2008). Overweight status, obesity and risk factors for coronary heart disease in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Policy Practise in Intellectual Disabilities 5(3):174-177. Allan L., Cooper S.A., Melville C.A., Morrison J., Smiley E. Williamson A.(2008) The prevalence and determinants of obesity in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 21:425-437. Bhaumik S., McGrother C.W., Thorp C.F., Tyrer F. Watson J.M.(2008) Body mass index in adults with intellectual disability: distribution, associations and service implications: a population-based prevalence study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 52 (4): Bradley S. (2005) Tacking obesity in people with learning disability. Learning Disability Practice 8 (7): 10-14. Brewin L., Brown T., Psarou A., Stride C. Thompson J. (2007) Management of obesity in primary care: nurses practise, beliefs and attitudes. Journal of Advanced Nursing 59 (4): 329-341. Brown I. Thompson J. (2008) Primary care nurses attitudes beliefs and own body size in relation to obesity management. Journal of Advanced Nursing 60 (5): 535-543. Burns N. Grove S.K.(2011) Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence- Based Practice, 5TH edn. Elsevier Inc, Maryland Heights. Carmeli E., Merrick J., Morad M., Orbach I. Zinger- Valnin T. (2008) Physical training and well-being in older adults with mild intellectual disability: a residential care study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability 21: 457-465. Davidson P.W., Force L., Frangenbery E., Janick M.P., Ledrigan P.M., McCallion P., Sulkes S.B. Taets J.D. (2002) Health characteristics and health services utilization in older adults with intellectual disability living in community residence. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46 (4): 287-298. Emerson E. (2005) Underweight, obesity and exercise among adults with intellectual disabilities in supported accommodation in northern England. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 49(2): 134-143. Levy J., Rimmerman A. Sohler N. (2009) Factors associated with obesity and coronary heart disease in people with intellectual disabilities. Social Work in Health Care 48 (1): 76-89.

Funding Sources and their Requirements free essay sample

This essay highlights the main sources of funding for disaster relief projects. This report analyzes ten different disaster relief project categories and identifies the major funding sources and agencies, the key elements within their respective project proposal formats and the major differing elements within the proposals, and thus the requirements for the different categories. Table of Contents Introduction Identification of Major Funding Sources and Agencies Key Elements of Project Proposals Differences in Rquirements Contained in Project Proposals Bibliography Multilateral Aid Sources are those organisations that are a combination of government co-operation and financing, such as the United Nations, or the European Union. These organisations will then in turn identify the priority cases for funding in accordance with their set criteria. Multilateral sources gain their money from a multitude of bilateral sources, and also fund projects directly, on occasions

10 Cheap Ways to Get Books for Class

10 Cheap Ways to Get Books for Class College classes are a chance to expand your mind, explore new subjects, meet new people and learn more than you ever wanted to know about just how expensive books can be. Luckily, there are plenty of ways to find books on the cheap. These helpful hints can trim down your book budget, see also how to find money for education, and help you to work smarter instead of harder. Find Out If You Need the Textbook First Plenty of courses have a recommended textbook and plenty of students know that doesn’t mean youll actually use them. Each year, thousands of students buy expensive textbooks they open once and then throw into a corner to collect dust until the end of the school year. Talk to former students or ask your professor or TA directly if youll need the textbook. Shop Online Secondhand books have become a huge industry online. Websites like ABE and Alibris specialize in out of print and hard to find titles – including textbooks. Amazon also offers quite a few options – including a marketplace solely dedicated to used and secondhand books. When shopping online for textbooks, there are a few tips that can help make sure you find a great deal. Ask About the Edition – Some textbooks go through major revisions every year. Others move the placement of a comma and release it as an Updated Edition. Trawl through the Table of Content, look for a list of updates and changes or simply ask your professor if an older version is fine for the course. Being able to buy an older edition could slash the cost of a textbook in half. Check the Condition – Secondhand books are, by their very nature, used. However, not all students go through a Highlight Fever phase so many textbooks are in great shape with little, if any, marks or highlights. Others, however, can be so marked up that youll start to think the previous owner fostered a deep seated marker scent addiction. If a textbook is priced especially low, be sure to check the notes on its condition. If youre able to ignore marks and notes in the margins, then a heavily used copy will be a lot cheaper than one with little or no marks. Cast the Net Wide – When looking for textbooks online, be sure to include websites that arent completely dedicated to books. Both eBay and Craigslist can be great places to find used textbooks, especially if you manage to search right after a semester ends. Plenty of students try to sell their own textbooks directly and some even sell them as a lot on sites like Craigslist. Factor in Shipping – When you buy books online, they could be coming from anywhere. If youve only started to look for textbooks a few weeks before class starts, be sure theyll arrive in time. Also factor in the shipping costs – textbooks are notoriously heavy. Get Local If your university is near a major city, be sure to check out the local thrift stores. Many students dont bother trying to resell their old textbooks and you may be surprised how many end up on the bookshelves of a local charity shop. While the editions may be older, if your course doesn’t require the most up to date edition, picking up a used copy at a thrift store could make a real difference in how much you end up paying for books. Consider International Editions International editions of major textbooks have the same content as domestic editions. The difference typically has to do with the quality of paper and other materials used to publish the book. These books are not available through US websites or stores. That means youll need to consider extra shipping costs and more shipping time since youll be ordering from abroad. Explore E-Book Options These days, more and more publishers are offering electronic versions of popular university and higher education textbooks. Although you wont be able to easily resell these books once the class is over, they are typically priced much lower than their traditional counterparts. Rent Them! Renting textbooks has become the newest way for students to help take the crunch out of their book budgets. Smaller websites like Textbook Rentals and Book Renter have become hot buzzwords on college campuses. Even the book giants Amazon and Barnes Noble are beginning to get into the textbook rental business. Although currently there are a limited number of books you can rent, its growing popularity suggests that soon students will be able to rent everything from Accounting 101 to Zoology 999. There are many expenses associated with getting a college degree. Paying for tuition and class fees is really the top of the iceberg. Books come a close second in terms of how much of your education budget but these tips can help lessen the sting of buying books for every class. Freeing up a bit of money by getting textbooks cheaper means less stress on your budget and your mind which can make your next semester a lot easier.

Why Detaining terrorist in Guantanamo Bay was against American Essay

Why Detaining terrorist in Guantanamo Bay was against American Philosophy - Essay Example Hamdan, a diminutive Yemeni who had been detained in Guantanamo Bay for more than five years, was kept in a tiny room kept cold with air conditioning, while he had nothing proper to cover himself, not even a pair of socks. Swift shared his thoughts with his partner law professor, Neal Katyal, who had been preparing legal briefs on the matter of President Bushs military tribunals. Katyal made his own efforts in writing drafts for the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals trying to figure out what the Department of Defense was going to include in the new guidelines for the Guantanamo Bay detainees. Although the Supreme Court declared the military tribunals as illegal, still Congress protested and passed its own ruling regarding the secluded Guantanamo. This was a defeat of American philosophy. So, the lawyers, Swift and Katyal, decided to challenge Congress. Why detaining terrorists in Guantanamo Bay is against the American philosophy has many fair reasons. It is not legal in any case, according to human rights, to deprive a prisoner of war of his legal right of either being tried or released if proved innocent. The detainees at Guantanamo Bay are neither tried nor released, and they do not even know why they have been brought there and kept in brutal torture. Detainees have been held in Guantanamo Bay without charge for more than five years many of whom have been subjected to severe abuses. This has significantly torn apart American reputation of war. Guantanamo has become an epitome of lawlessness in the eyes of the whole world. American philosophy has enabled the United States to stand among one of the strongest democracies which support human rights and which make other nations comply with the international standards of human rights and humanitarian laws. But now, even the allies of the Bush’s administration are looking at Gu antanamo policy as a failure and violation of American philosophy of war and human rights. Carafano and Rona state that: That the

THE FEASIBILITY OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR PROVIDING FRESH WATER TO Essay

THE FEASIBILITY OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR PROVIDING FRESH WATER TO ARID REGIONS OF THE WORLD - Essay Example There are two solutions which include; finding an alternate or extra water resource using conservative centralized approach. This report entails on different methods used in harvesting water to make it useful for human consumption and domestication. The methods include: a) Rain water harvesting b) Water diversions c) Desalination d) Water re-use e) Storing water in reservoirs f) Transferring water among basins 1. Rain water harvesting Rain water management which is also known as harvesting has received numerous renewed attentions as an alternative means of augmenting water sources. The method involves collecting and intercepting rain water where it falls to the ground before it gets contaminated to the extent of being harmful to human consumption (Pereira et al, 2002) as the author suggests. Water harvesting has been employed for a long time for the purpose of irrigation and restoration of lands’ productivity, used for drinking by both humans and animals, increase ground water resources, minimize risk in drought stricken areas and to reduce ( rain water harvesting, 2006 ) storm water discharge as the journal states. Water harvesting has a few advantages which includes; I. It provides a good supplement to other water sources and co- exists well with them, hence relieving pressure on the other sources of water. II. It reduces storm drainage and flooding in urban streets. III. Its maintenance, construction, and operation are not labor intensive, and the technology applied is very flexible. 2. Water diversions Water diversion is where water is directed to a certain direction where it is easily manageable and monitored. The technique used to deal with natural variability in flow consists of; diversion of water into ditches, recharge pits spreading basins and infiltrations lagoons. The practice of water diversion is widely applied in most countries especially the ones in the arid and semi-arid regions throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean terrains (UNES CO, 2000; Mahnot et al., 2003) as it was reported from the international organization focusing on water development in developing and developed countries. 3. Desalination This method is used only in water-scarce semi-arid and coastal- arid areas that are inland located where the only available source of water is either (brackish) ground water or saline. This technology of water harvesting has been used since the twentieth century as (Awerbuch, 2004; and Schiffler 2004) report about the global use of desalination capacity and its challenges. About fifty percent of worldwide desalination occurs in the Middle East, followed by North America and Europe. The future usage of desalination is emerging at a high rate with an increasing demand and up- scaling process. It promotes tourism and also acts as a recreation for the development of economy in the coastal regions (Pyne et al, 2004) as reported in the world water development report. 4. Water re-use It was recently summarized (Asano and Levine, 2004) that there are many challenges associated with water recovery and reuse. They stated that the technique used in water reuse has been employed in many countries such as the United States and Germany. Modern waste water treatment has facilitated its increased usage in up to date waste water treatment procedure. These technological processes can effectively remove environmental material, pathogens and nutrients leaving the treated water with a wide range of prospective applications. According to the water recycle survey (Mantovani et al,

Website Design for Interactive Environment Coursework - 1

Website Design for Interactive Environment - Coursework Example In its purest form, the 100% mobile device is an extension of the user not the other way round, extension of the device. Globally, mobile devices outnumber desktop computers 20-1. Given that, not every mobile device- especially phones- has the functionality to access the internet, however the turnover frequency for mobile devices is higher than that of the desktop devices. Mobile devices have brought a revolutionary omnipresence and it is vital to understand the meaning of the term â€Å"mobile web†. There are cases that call for the inclusion of protocols and standards such as SMTP, SMS, and IM in the definition of this term but this report adapts Colborne’s definition as the subset of HTTP content that has been optimized for and is accessible with a mobile device. Mobile web content is therefore less detailed, making it lighter than desktop web, due to the technical limitations posed by the technology. When using a desktop workstation to access the web, we connect using Ethernet over a leased line that has a rich infrastructure. If we opted to use Wi-Fi in place of the Ethernet, even on the same workstation at home, it comes with new complications into the equation. A close examination of the underlying technology that supports mobile web reveals the technical hurdles that a mobile device overcomes while connecting to the exact same data reservoir as the workstation or notebook PC. The mobile device connects over a less robust network whether it’s the faster and newer EDGE or G3 connection or slower and older GPRS. Once the connection has been made, it must be held through a call transfer from multiple cell-towers as the user traverses the coverage connection matrix of a given carrier. This makes the mobile devices extremely limited in terms of available bandwidth. Screen size is the most obvious difference a computer and mobile device. For years, the minimum screen resolution designed has been increasing. Similarly,

Psychological Factors In Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay

Psychological Factors In Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay Health psychology is a topical development in the integration of biomedical and social sciences in health care. It addresses the role of psychological factors in the cause, progression, and outcome of health and illness (Ogden, 2007). Psychological theories can guide health education and promotion, and offer the health care practitioner a structured approach to understanding and meeting the health needs of health and social care service users (Morrison and Bennett, 2009). The appraisal of health psychology models can assist practitioners in evaluating their contribution to service users understanding of health, behaviours relating to health and the practice of health care. Appraisal and evaluation enable health care workers to apply psychological models and theories when analysing aspects of health and behaviour relevant to practice (Marks et al, 2005). Health psychology is concerned primarily with intrinsic factors, especially individual perceptions of health-related behaviour. Health behaviour, defined as behaviour related to health status, is becoming increasingly important. Public health policy has increased the emphasis on individual responsibility and choice and because of this; there is a corresponding need to improve understanding of individual motivations that affect those choices and health-related behaviours (Marks et al, 2005). The health behaviours studied by psychologists are varied, but the most commonly studied health behaviours have immediate or long-term implications for individual health, and are partially within the control of the individual (Ogden, 2007). Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, is a serious and progressive disease. It is chronic in nature and has no known cure. It is the fourth most common cause of death in most developed countries (UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, 1998a). Although no exact figures are available, it has been suggested that by the year 2010 there would be 3.5 million people with diabetes in the United Kingdom (UK). However, approximately 750,000 of the estimated number may be undiagnosed (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Diabetes UK campaigns to raise awareness of type 2 diabetes because if left undiagnosed, the condition can result in long-term complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. The total number of people with diabetes has increased by 75% over the last six years and the incidence in the UK is escalating at a faster rate than in the United States (Gonzà ¡lez et al, 2009). There is a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in people with South Asian or African descent (Department of Health, 2007). One of the reasons for this is thought to be that these ethnic groups have increased insulin resistance. Signs of type 2 diabetes are already present in UK children of South Asian and African-Caribbean origin at ten years of age, according to research funded jointly by the British Heart Foundation and the Wellcome Trust (Whincup et al, 2010). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age to as much as one in ten in those aged 65 years. The lifetime risk of developing the condition in the UK is greater than 10% (Leese, 1991). Diabetes-related complications can have a major effect on the individual and family members, and are costly to the patient. A study undertaken by Bottomley (2001) examined the costs of living of patients with diabetes complications, including taking time off work and transport costs for hospital appointments. The study showed that the cost of treating someone with type 2 diabetes with microvascular and macrovascular complications was  £5,132 compared to  £920 for someone who does not have diabetes-related complications (Bottomley 2001). This also has implications for the National Health Service (NHS) in terms of the financial burden of managing and treating the condition and the use of resources. It has been estimated that the cost of treating diabetes nationally adds up to approximately 9% of the NHS annual budget, although most of that is used to treat associated long-term complications, such as kidney failure, blindness, amputations and organ transplantation, rather than the provision of medication (Bottomley, 2001). With regard to type 2 diabetes, psychological theories and models have a long history of informing attempts to change behaviour and improve emotional well-being. Over recent years, many clinical guidelines in the UK by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) have included recommendations for psychological interventions for long-term conditions. Evidence-based recommendations have been made not only for the treatment of associated mental health problems such as depression and anxiety (NICE, 2009; NICE, 2004) but also for physical health conditions such as obesity (NICE, 2007) and changing behaviour related to public health issues such as smoking and lack of exercise (NICE; 2007). The aim of this essay is to explore the psychological implications for a person suffering from type 2 diabetes and others involved in the experience of that illness. Type 2 diabetes, is caused as the result of reduced secretion of insulin and to peripheral resistance to the action of insulin; that is, the insulin in the body does not have its usual biological effect. It can often be controlled by diet and exercise when first diagnosed, but many patients require oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin in order to maintain satisfactory glycaemic control and prevent the complications of diabetes (Diabetes UK, 2008a). To reduce the risk of long-term complications, both macrovascular and microvascular, people with type 2 diabetes need access to appropriate, individualised education, which informs them about the risks associated with the condition. Information relating to lifestyle changes such as healthy eating, increasing activity levels, and smoking cessation are vital (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Some people accept their diagnosis of diabetes and all that this means, and manage to adapt to their new lifestyle, but others find it difficult. Changes will need to be made to the type of food they eat, the amount they eat of particular foods and perhaps to the time at which they eat their meals. As a consequence of the required changes to lifestyle, it is not surprising that many people need some professional psychological support (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Diabetes may have an impact on peoples careers, driving, and insurance policies (life, driving, and travel). Difficulties surrounding holidays, work or travel abroad may prove insurmountable without support. People with diabetes who are also caring for others, for example children or elderly relatives, may find it very difficult to put themselves first (Diabetes UK, 2008a). Some people who have been diagnosed as having diabetes feel that they have been condemned to a life where everything has to be planned. There are, however, support networks available. For example Diabetes UK, a charity that supports people with diabetes, their families and the health professionals who care for them, has local and regional branches where people can meet and discuss problems and learn from each other how they manage their day-to-day-life (Diabetes UK, 2008a). The majority of people with type 2 diabetes are insulin resistant. Obesity exacerbates insulin resistance. As many as 80% of people with type 2 diabetes are obese at the time of diagnosis (Marks, 1996). Weight loss not only improves insulin resistance, but also lowers blood glucose, lipid levels, and blood pressure. Cardiovascular disease is often present in people with type 2 diabetes. The presence of insulin resistance accelerates atherosclerosis, leading to macrovascular complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. The mechanisms responsible for this are thought to be hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension (Garber, 1998). However, microvascular problems such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy still occur. The mechanism responsible is thought to be hyperglycaemia (Garber, 1998). Therefore, good blood glucose control is of crucial importance. Although the prognosis for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus is less than favourable, evidence has shown that making major lifestyle changes, such as having a healthy diet, smoking cessation, and increasing activity levels, can reduce the risk of long-term complications (UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, 1998a). However, using the threat of long-term complications as a means of inducing lifestyle or behaviour changes has not proved to have any prolonged beneficial effect (Polonsky, 1999). Continued support and appropriate education is required to empower individuals to take charge of their condition and make appropriate and timely therapeutic decisions. The healthcare professional and the individual must decide on the most appropriate treatment regimen to provide optimum care and the best medical outcome (Marks et al, 2005). NICE published a document in 2008 entitled CG66: Type 2 diabetes which recommended that all people with diabetes should be offered structured education, pr ovided by a trained specialist team of healthcare professionals (NICE, 2008). The utilisation of theoretical health psychology models can assist these specialist team practitioner in empowering individuals with type 2 diabetes to contemplate and instigate the changes in lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, lack of exercise and unhealthy eating habits that have adverse consequences on long-term health outcomes. With regard to health psychology, as previously mentioned, health psychology is concerned primarily with intrinsic factors, especially individual perceptions of health-related behaviour. Attributing health-related behaviours to internal or external factors has been discussed in relation to the concept of a health locus of control. Individuals differ as to whether they regard events as controllable by them (an internal locus of control) or uncontrollable by them (an external locus of control) (Ogden, 2007). Accessing diabetes related health services for testing or treatment could be viewed from either perspective. The healthcare professional is perceived to be a powerful individual who can diagnose and treat diabetes (external); however, by accessing services the individual is taking responsibility for determining their own health status (internal). It is useful for the healthcare practitioner to consider that in attending diabetic health services the individual has made an initial st ep in taking control of their own health needs (Marks et al, 2005). Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to act in concordance with advice from a health professional than those with an external locus of control (Ogden, 2007). Knowing this can assist practitioners in their communication style with individuals who have type 2 diabetes. Identifying the specific needs of the individual, by understanding their locus of control, can help the healthcare practitioner to tailor the assessment (Marks et al, 2005). When an individual has a sense of responsibility for actions or behaviours that exposed them to a potential risk of diabetic complications, the practitioner can work on exploring the circumstances that surrounded those behaviours. The individual may already feel motivated to change these circumstances. In the case of a client who does not recognise that their own behaviour or actions were a contributory factor in posing a risk of behaviour related complications, the practitioner should focus on developing the individuals leve l of awareness to shift their locus of control from the external to the internal. For example, the individual who perceives that taking responsibility for healthy eating use is always that of their partner (Ogden, 2007). Self-management for chronic illnesses such as type 2 diabetes requires adherence to treatment regimens and behavioural change, as well as the acquisition of new coping strategies, because symptoms have a great effect on many areas of life (Glasgow, 1991; Kravitz et al, 1993). For many individuals, optimum self-management is often difficult to achieve, as indicated by poor rates of adherence to treatment, reduced quality of life, and poor psychological wellbeing, effects that are frequently reported in several chronic illnesses (Rubin and Peyrot, 1999). Self-management interventions aim to enable individuals to take control of their condition and be actively involved in management and treatment choices. In the 1980s, psychological theory was applied to develop theoretical models and their constructs have had a particular effect on the development of self-management interventions. The Health Belief Model (Becker 1974) defines two related appraisal processes undertaken by the healthcare practitioner in partnership with an individual: the threat of illness and the behavioural response to that threat. Threat appraisal involves consideration of the individuals perceived susceptibility to an illness and its anticipated severity. Behavioural response involves considering the costs and benefits of engaging in behaviours likely to reduce the threat of disease. It can be useful for the healthcare practitioner to establish the clients perception of risk and implications of their adverse health behaviours when discussing the reasons for healthy eating, increasing exercise, and smoking cessation. It is also important to discuss the likely impact of diabetes on the individuals lifestyle and behaviour (Marks et al, 2005). The Health Belief Model can be applied to evaluate the risk of lifestyle changes. The healthcare professional can initiate structured discussion with the individual to identify their educational needs, particularly around developing a realistic understanding of risk factors associated with diabetes and unhealthy eating habits, lack of exercise and smoking. It is important for the healthcare practitioner to discuss the efficacy of changes in the above in prevention of diabetic complications, while discussing other methods of behaviour modification in context (Marks et al, 2005). It is also important to establish that the individual feels confident in the practicalities of and behavioural change. Therefore, the healthcare practitioner must support the diabetic in behaviour change by giving practical health education advice on the issues of healthy eating, the benefits of exercise and the importance of giving up smoking (Marks et al, 2005). The Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers 1975, 1983) expands the Health Belief Model to include four components that predict behavioural intentions to improve health-related behaviour, or intention to modify behaviour. These include self-efficacy, responsive effectiveness, severity, and vulnerability. In social cognitive theory, behaviour is thought to be affected by expectations, with individuals confidence in their ability to perform a given behaviour (self-efficacy) particularly important (Bandura, 1992). Therefore, self-efficacy can be said to be the belief in ones ability to control personal actions (Bandura, 1992), and is comparable with the concept of internal locus of control. It is based on past experience and evokes behaviour concordant with an individuals capabilities. Self-efficacy is distinct from unrealistic optimism and does not elicit unreasonable risk-taking (Ogden, 2007). Within the context of smoking and diabetes, an example of self-efficacy might be, I am confiden t that I can take responsibility for protecting myself from increasing the risk of further complications by giving up smoking. This concept has been used in self-management interventions through the teaching of skills, such as problem solving and goal setting, to increase self-efficacy. Again, in type 2 diabetes, this could mean the acquisition of knowledge relating to healthy eating principles and putting that knowledge into practice by avoiding foods that would make the blood glucose rise quickly. The goal would be to incorporate this behaviour into daily life on a long-term basis (Marks et al, 2005). Behavioural intention can also be predicted by severity, for example: Diabetes will have serious implications for my health and lifestyle, but conversely, Good blood glucose control will decrease the risk of diabetic complications. The fourth predictor of behavioural intention is vulnerability, which in the context of diabetes may be the likelihood of cardiovascular disease or diabetic retinopathy occurring. Rogers (1983) later suggested a fifth component of fear in response to education or information as a predictor of behavioural intention. The concepts of severity, vulnerability, and fear outlined in Protection Motivation Theory relate to the concept of threat appraisal, as discussed in the context of the Health Belief Model. Self-efficacy and response effectiveness, on the other hand, relate to the individuals coping response, which is the behaviour intention. If a person has self-efficacy and perceives benefits in taking control of their actions (response effectiveness), they are likely to have the intention to modify their behaviour to reduce health risks (Ogden, 2007). Information or education that influences an individuals emotional response can be environmental (external influence, such as advice from a health professional), or interpersonal (relating directly to past experience). Information and education contribute to an individuals self-efficacy. This in turn helps develop a robust internal locus of control and will inform and/or contribute to the individuals coping response (Marks et al, 2005). The coping res ponse is considered to be adaptive (positive behavioural intention) or maladaptive (avoidance or denial). Assessment of the individuals capacity to understand and apply information and to have an adaptive response is a vital skill of the health professional. A maladaptive coping response, such as the denial of identified risk factors, has potentially serious consequences for the health of the individual (Marks et al, 2005). Successful implementation of the Protection Motivation Model can enable informed choice and empower the individual to take personal responsibility and control of behaviours influencing their health (Morrison and Bennett, 2009). Skilled questioning and the use of checking skills by the healthcare professional following information-giving are important to evaluate the benefit, if any, to the individual with diabetes (Ogden, 2007). Readiness to change is a concept derived from Prochaska and DiClementes (1983) transtheoretical model. It refers to how prepared or ready individuals are to make changes to their behaviour. Interventions guided by this theory focus on individuals motivation to change and the approach is adapted according to differences in participants motivation to change behaviour. Success is achieved only when the individual is ready to take on the actions needed to change behaviour. An individual may know that smoking and type 2 diabetes are not a good combination. However, unless the person is ready to quit smoking, no amount of discussion with a healthcare professional will change the persons decision to continue smoking. Establishing an internal motivator is a good first step to assessing an individuals readiness to change, however, an individual also needs to feel that the time is right and that they are prepared to change. Readiness to change can be assessed by asking individuals, as soon as the potential problem is identified, whether they have ever attempted to change the behaviour before. Six stages of change were identified in Prochaska and DiClementes (1983) Transtheoretical model of behaviour change: Pre-contemplation; Contemplation; Preparation; Action; Maintenance and Relapse. Most people (around 60%) will be at the pre-contemplation stage when they are identified by the healthcare practitioner and will generally react in a closed way to the idea of change (Prochaska and Goldstein, 1991). They may be rebellious to the idea, they may rationalise their current behaviour or be resigned to it, or they may be reluctant to consider the possibility of change (Prochaska and Goldstein, 1991). In this situation, it is tempting to push people into making an attempt at behaviour change using their health as a motivator or by making them feel guilty. However, this is likely to prompt the individual to either lie about their behaviour or avoid the nurse completely. During the contemplation phase, it is suggested that individuals who are starting to consider change look for information about their current and proposed behaviours, and analyse the risks involved in changing or maintaining their current behaviour. The most appropriate action is to ask the individual to form alise the analytical process by undertaking a decisional balance exercise (Health Education Authority (HEA), 1996). In this exercise the person is asked to consider the positive and negative implications of maintaining or changing their behaviour. The individual then decides whether maintaining or changing the behaviour will give them increased positive outcomes, and if they are willing to attempt the change. To be at the preparation stage, individuals need to believe that their behaviour is causing a problem, that their health or wellbeing will improve if they change the behaviour, and that they have a good chance of success (Prochaska and Goldstein, 1991). Once the healthcare practitioner establishes that the individual has an internal motivator and is ready to make an attempt at behaviour change, a supportive treatment plan is needed. Individuals who are in the process of behaviour change, or who have achieved and are maintaining the new behaviour, need help to avoid relapse (Pro chaska and Goldstein, 1991). The most effective way to do this is to ask the individual to reflect on their experiences so far. Apart from taking into account the management behavioural change for those with type 2 diabetes, it is also of vital importance that there is a consideration the emotional impact of a diabetes diagnosis and living with the condition. How patients feel when presented with the diagnosis of a chronic illness such as diabetes can have an enormous impact on their lives, and on their ability to make emotional adjustments to the disease itself (Marks et al, 2005). Research has found that that the diagnosis of a chronic illness can have a strong emotional impact on individuals, with reactions of grief, denial and depression. The emotional aspects of developing and coping with diabetes can affect overall control of the disease profoundly. Similarly, these feeling may form a barrier to effective listening and learning during the consultation process and any future self-management strategies. Therefore, it is proposed that this should be taken into consideration when developing educational prog rammes and protocols for people with diabetes (Thoolen et al, 2008). Coping and adapting to a long-term chronic illness is a major theme in health psychology (Ogden, 2007). Leventhal Nerenz (1985) propose that individuals have their own common sense beliefs about their illness. These include identity: diagnosis (diabetes) and symptoms (elevated blood sugar levels, excessive hunger and excessive thirst). Perceived cause of illness: stress, a virus, unhealthy lifestyle. Time line: acute or chronic. Consequences: physical (pain, mobility problems) and emotional (lack of social contact, anxiety). Cure and control: for example by taking medication or getting plenty of rest. With regard to adapting to an illness such as diabetes, the stress coping model of Lazarus and Folkman (1984) Transactional model of stress is the concept that is most widely utilised. The model suggests that there are key factors in adaptation to chronic illness, disease-specific coping efforts, changes in illness representation over time, interaction between psychological reality of disease and affective response, procedures for coping with the disease and interaction with context. The stress coping model (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) emphasises the value of coping strategies to deal with a particular condition. Self-management strategies based on this model attempt to improve the individuals coping strategies. In type 2 diabetes, people are faced with the prospect of long-term complications caused by the condition. If people are aware of these possibilities and also that successful treatment is, available it makes a diagnosis of such problems less daunting. However, there are limitations to this model. It is debated that it is a frame of reference, not a theory that ignores specific features of the illness. The situation dimension poorly represented and it is not specific. The model also neglects interactions with context (e.g. social support, other life events) and offers no account of life goals on illness representation and coping (Ogden, 2007). It is of vital importance that stress is controlled and managed in an individual with type 2 diabetes. Research has shown a link between stress as a causal factor and that stress has been found to be a factor in regulation of blood glucose regulation. Sepa et al (2005) found that family stress has a significant impact on the and development of diabetes among infants. With regard to stress and metabolic control, research has found that stressful life events predict poor glucose control. In a study by Surwit et al, (2002) the management of stress was found to improve glucose control. Therefore, it is posited that the impact of stress can affect diabetes adversely and any interventions to manage stress may be a worthwhile component of diabetes education programs. An additional influence on coping and adapting to living with diabetes and the development of self-management strategies has come from clinical psychology, particularly Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT). Central to these therapies is the importance of attempting to change how people think about their illness and themselves, and how their thoughts affect their behaviour. Depression is one of the most common psychological problems among individuals with diabetes, and is associated with worse treatment adherence and clinical outcomes (Gonzalez et al, 2010). A randomised controlled trial (RCT) undertaken by Lustman et al, (2008) found that the percentage of patients achieving remission of depression was greater in the CBT group than in the control group. Although the research found that there was no difference in the mean glycosylated haemoglobin levels of the groups post-treatment, follow-up mean glycosylated haemoglobin levels were significantly better in the CBT group than in the control group. Therefore, it is debated that the combination of CBT and supportive diabetes education is an effective non-pharmacologic treatment for major depression in patients with type 2 diabetes. It may also be associated with improved glycaemic control. It is important to note however, that certain limitation apply to the above study that may have an effect on the findings. The generalizability of the findings is uncertain. The study was limited to a relatively small number of patients. Similarly, the follow-up interval was limited to the 6 months immediately after treatment. Likewise, the researcher cannot exclude the possibility that CBT and diabetes education interacted in a way that potentiated antidepressant effectiveness; analogous interactions may have occurred in many clinical trials. Further studies comparing CBT and diabetes education, individually and in combination, are needed to answer such questions and to see whether successful CBT alone is sufficient to produce glycaemic improvement. Correspondingly, it is worth noting that patients in the CBT group had education almost a full year longer than controls. The difference in education was not statistically significant, but the extra educational experience may have contributed to improved outcome in the CBT group. Finally, treatment was administered by a single psychologist experienced in the use of CBT. Whether treatment would be as effective when administered by other therapists is uncertain. For any person with type 2 diabetes to engage in any self-management strategy, good mental health is necessary. However, studies have shown reduced self-worth and/or anxiety in more than 40% of people with diabetes (Anderson et al, 2001). There are several possible reasons for this. Being diagnosed with diabetes immediately poses major concerns for the individual, including what the future holds in terms of health, finance, and family relationships. Although everyone deals with diagnosis differently, for some it can cause immediate stress, including feelings of shock or guilt. Some individuals may also be ashamed and want to keep the diagnosis a secret. Others may be relieved to know what is causing the symptoms they have been experiencing. An Audit Commission (2000) report acknowledged that: people with diabetes are more likely to suffer from clinical depression than those in the general population. The report then went on to specify that therefore, diabetes services should make exp licit provision for psychological support and should monitor the psychological outcomes of care. In conclusion, to be successful in changing behaviour to negate the complications of type 2 diabetes, individuals need to decide for themselves which behaviours are undesirable, that is, which behaviours could have negative health, financial, social or psychological implications. People with diabetes also need to feel that the negative impact of risky health behaviours will be reduced or altered if they change their behaviour. It is important that individuals have confidence in their ability to make and maintain behavioural changes. It is not the health practitioners role to make this judgement or impose his or her beliefs. To support behavioural change, healthcare professionals need to feel comfortable in discussing lifestyle behaviours. They also need to assess an individuals preparedness to make a change and identify the factors that motivate them to change. The application of health psychology models, such as the Health Belief Model, the Protection Motivation Theory and the Trans theoretical model of behaviour change, to the management process can enable healthcare practitioners to assess contributory factors to health behaviours. Applying models can also help to identify motivators and barriers to health-improving and health-protecting behaviours, and identify strategies which assist the person in behavioural change. The role of the healthcare professional is to enable individuals to make an informed choice by working in partnership with them to decide when and if behaviour change is desirable. By understanding how an individual copes and adapts to living with a long-term condition such as diabetes can assist in empowering individuals to managed stress that appears to have a negative impact on blood glucose levels. Correspondingly, the use of CBT as a non-pharmacological treatment has been shown to improve depression that is often apparent in individuals with diabetes. Healthcare practioners caring for those with diabetes should be trained in the use of CBT .

Essays --

A. A party system is the concept that political parties in a democratic country have basic similarities: they control the government, have a stable base of mass popular support, and create internal mechanisms for controlling funding, information and nominations. From 1789 to the 1890’s, the United States had three party systems. The First Party System consisted of Federalists versus Republican-Democrats (Republicans) from 1789 to 1816. This system can be considered to have developed as a result of the factions in the George Washington administration. The two factions were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams with Federalists and Thomas Jefferson and James Madison with the Republican Party. The Federalists argued for a strong national government, to push for aggressive economic development with a greater emphasis on farmers and states’ rights. They preferred to practice loose constructionism (loose interpretations of the Constitution) to argue that government power should be used to promote economic development through the creation of a national bank, federally financed roads, harbors, and bridges. Federalists believed that America’s economic future depended on the cultivation of strong commercial ties with Great Britain. The Republicans on the other hand wanted a small and weak national government to leave the citizens mostly free of taxation and government interference. Unlike the Federalists, the Republicans supported a philosophy of strict constructionism (strict interpretation of the Constitution) in order to avoid the economy benefitting only a few wealthy northeasterners. They also believed that agriculture, instead of manufacturing, should remain the country’s economic base and so they opposed closer relationships with Great B... ...e intent on preserving the interests of the common man. To do so, they favored the smaller national government and opposed, in particular, any Whig proposal that seemed to threaten their economic, social, or cultural freedoms. This period lasted until 1860. Lastly is the Third Party System from 1854 to the 1890’s consisting of the GOP and the Democrats. Beginning around the time of the start of the Civil War, this system was defined by bitter conflict and striking party differences and coalitions. These coalitions were most evidently defined by geography. The South was dominated by the Democrats who opposed the ending of slavery, and the North, with the exception of some major political machines, was dominated by the Republicans, who supported ending slavery. This era was a time of extreme industrial and economic expansion. The Third Party System lasted until 1896.

Hades Essay

The ultimate danger lies within death; he worst failure in a journey is when the hero falls to the fiery grasp of Hell. Much like Odysseus – a Greek hero whose tale can be found in The Odyssey – Leopold Bloom travels into Hades in episode six of Ulysses. The theme of death is a constant recurrence throughout Ulysses, and â€Å"Hades†, as its name implies, is the one chapter where death reigns. But â€Å"Hades† centers more on escaping Hell and returning to the land of the living. The heroes, in the face of death, come back to life. Odysseus and Bloom are mirrored characters, and they both have managed to escape the Underworld.This essays main goal will be to analyses the Homeric parallels between Odysseus' journey in the Underworld and Bloom's travel to Payday Diagram's funeral, a real-life journey into the depths of Hell. First of all, the Homeric parallels in episode six begin with the use of the number eleven. (l should note right away that the funeral for Payday Digamma begins at eleven a. M. ) Eleven is an essential piece of the episode, since it is a number that represents sin and death. To understand why eleven is considered a bad number, we must go back to old times.In ancient societies, pacifically Christian and/or Catholic cultures, the Decoupage, or the Ten Commandments, was used as a reference into writing laws. The number ten was considered a holy number, because there were ten fundamental laws to be followed in Catholic communities. Seeing as the number eleven oversteps ten, it was considered by many to be a â€Å"transgression of law and of sin† (Saint- Augustine, 464). Both Homer and Joyce were aware of the symbolism of the number eleven. The two authors went out of their way to weave the number into their works.However, the two writers did not use eleven as a symbol of in, but rather death. For example, in Homers The Iliad, Achilles grants the Trojan eleven days to complete Hectors funeral rites before the bat tle recommences. (Bell, 404) If we were to compare The Iliad with The Odyssey, we would see a similarity in the funeral rites. When Odysseus descends into the Underworld, he meets the ghost of one of his men, Lovelorn, who had fallen to his death when he fell asleep in the tower on Circle's island. Lovelorn begs Odysseus to give him a proper funeral, just as Hector had received.Let's now switch over to Ulysses: because Diagram's funeral begins at eleven ‘clock, Digamma is a parallel to Lovelorn, who is a parallel of Hector. These parallels explain why Joyce uses the number eleven in â€Å"Hades†. But enough about numbers. Lees discuss parallels in the novel. Joyce has a habit of linking each chapter in some way or another. By this, mean themes and concepts from previous chapters parallel chapters further on in the novel. For example, â€Å"Sirens† focused on the element of sound, whereas â€Å"Cyclops† contrasts and concentrates on sight. Similarly,  "Hades† is a parallel to â€Å"Protests† with its life and death themes.At the beginning of episode three, the themes of life and earth appear immediately. Stephen encounters a midwife carrying a bag; he thinks the bag holds a â€Å"miniskirt with a trailing nevermore, hushed in ruddy wool. † (3. 36) Midwives are seen as a symbol of birth, because they assist women giving birth. However, the chapter's theme quickly switches when Stephen realizes the baby is deceased. The â€Å"ruddy wool† solidifies this mood change; in chapter four, we learn that Bloom's son, named Rudy, had passed away around ten years ago. Rudy had been buried in a â€Å"ruddy red† wool sweater.With Stephen thinking of his dead mother, and his seeing a dead dog n the beach, the concept of death is present throughout the episode. By contrast, â€Å"Hades† begins with an immediate mention of death. Bloom, Martin Cunningham, Simon Deals and Jack Power are heading to Payday Di agram's funeral. Just like when we get a glimpse of death in the ‘life chapter' â€Å"Protests†, we get a glimpse of life in the ‘death chapter' â€Å"Hades†. As Bloom climbs into the carriage to get to the cemetery, he wipes off bits of crumbs on his suit. These crumbs are a reference to the â€Å"potted meat† (17. 124-5) we see on Molly's bed; the crumbs are a metaphor for copulating, and thus birth and fife. The main difference between â€Å"Protests† and â€Å"Hades† is that, in episode six, the theme of death is far more elaborated. From the coffin-tight carriage the men travel in, to the cattle being shipped off to the slaughterhouse, to the mention of Bloom's father's suicide, to the rats crawling out from the graves, Joyce has created a real-life depiction of Hell. What is scary about this episode is the fact that, given the God of Death's reputation in Greek and Roman literature, if Bloom really is descending into Hades, he may not make it out.Greek mythology describes Hades as the God f the Dead. According to legends, the lord of the Underworld kept a close eye on the dead souls, ensuring they do not flee the Underworld. One of Homer's plays, The Odyssey, recounts Odysseus managing to escape from Hades. Odysseus was lucky, since not many heroes have succeeded in escaping the Underworld. The very fact that anyone had been able to break out of the Underworld is a miracle. With this in mind, we are left to wonder if Bloom can make it out of the cemetery ‘alive'. The descent into Hell is seen as a dangerous, but also heroic act, especially in Greek and Roman literature.